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    抗性杂草现状

    2024-06-17

    除草剂抗性问题一直伴随着除草剂的使用和发展，挑战着除草剂的使用，也“激励”着除草剂的开发。

    1 、 全球抗性杂草概况

    经Weedscience网站统计，截止目前，全球共发现530个除草剂抗性案例。涉及272种杂草（其中155种双子叶、117种单子叶），168种除草剂（31个除草剂作用机制中占21个）；分布在72个国家 ，共100种作物田中 。 

    图1 全球抗性杂草（抗性案例）历年增长趋势

     

    截止2023年 ，各类作用机制的除草剂抗性杂草数量 ：抗乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂的杂草数量最多 ，为174种；其次依次为光合系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）抑制剂 、烯醇丙酮莽草酸磷酸合成酶（EPSP）抑制剂、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACCase）抑制剂、生长素类似物除草剂 、光合系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）电子转移除草剂、微管组装抑制剂，抗性杂草数量分别为87 、59、51、44 、33、12种 。

    而同一种杂草存在多个除草剂抗性的趋势也愈发严重 。截止2020年，248种杂草对2种及2种以上作用机制的除草剂产生抗性 ，占比94.66%。对2-5种作用机制的除草剂产生抗性的杂草数量分别为104、54、32和19种。其中，硬直黑麦草和早熟禾对12种作用位点的除草剂已经产生抗性。

     

    图2 各作用机制的除草剂抗性杂草历年增长趋势

     

    图3 多重抗性的杂草历年增长趋势

     

    图4 多重抗性的杂草（TOP15）

     

    从统计数据可以看出，已产生抗性杂草最严重的科为禾本科。共92种抗性杂草；其他位列前10的抗性杂草科依次为菊科、十字花科、莎草科 、苋科 、蓼科 、玄参科、泽泻科、藜科和石竹科 。分布最多的作物田为小麦田 ，统计有85种杂草已产生抗性，其次为玉米田 、水稻田 、大豆田等 。 

    图5 发生抗性杂草的科（TOP10）

     

    图6 作物田发生抗性杂草数量（TOP10）

     

    莠去津 、草甘膦和苯磺隆是抗性问题最严重的三个除草剂 ，分别已发现66、59和48种杂草对其产生抗药性。其次还有咪唑乙烟酸、甲氧咪草烟 、甲基碘磺隆钠盐 、甲磺隆、氯磺隆、精噁唑禾草灵、百草枯、苄嘧磺隆、西玛津、噻吩磺隆 、啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆。

    图7 除草剂各有效成分已产生抗性杂草数量（TOP15）

     

    2 、 我国抗性杂草概况

    Weedscience网站统计了我国1990年-2023年报导的抗性杂草发生案例 ，共51个 。主要发生的抗性杂草有日本看麦娘、反枝苋、稗草（原变种）、菵草 、雨久花、野慈姑 、播娘蒿、小飞蓬、猪殃殃、荠菜、麦家公、看麦娘、牛繁缕、鸭舌草、马唐 、繁缕、牛筋草、硬草、千金子、铁苋菜、通泉草 、稗草（西来稗变种）、棒头草 、大巢菜 、多花水苋菜、黑麦草 、水稗 。其中抗性较为严重的是稗草和日本看麦娘 。

    主要分布于小麦 、冬小麦 、水稻、棉花 、玉米 、大豆田及非耕地中。主要分布在水稻和小麦田中 。

    产生抗性较多的除草剂包括苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆等ALS除草剂，及炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵等ACCase除草剂。

     

    表1 中国抗性杂草案例

    • Year

    Species

    MOAs

    Actives

    Situations

    1990

    Alopecurus japonicus

    PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders&
     HRAC Group 5

    chlorotoluron

    Cereals, Wheat

    1990

    Amaranthus retroflexus

    PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders&
     HRAC Group 5

    atrazine

    Cropland

    1993

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli

    Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15

    butachlor

    Rice

    1993

    Beckmannia syzigachne

    PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders&
     HRAC Group 5

    chlorotoluron

    Cereals, Wheat

    1993

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli

    Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15

    thiobencarb/benthiocarb

    Rice

    2000

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli

    Auxin Mimics&
     HRAC Group 4

    quinclorac

    Rice

    2003

    Monochoria korsakowii

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

    Rice

    2003

    Sagittaria montevidensis

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

    Rice

    2005

    Descurainia sophia

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Cereals

    2006

    Conyza canadensis

    Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 9

    glyphosate

    Orchards

    2007

    Galium aparine

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Winter wheat

    2007

    Alopecurus japonicus

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    haloxyfop-methyl, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, pinoxaden

    Winter wheat, Canola

    2009

    Capsella bursapastoris

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Winter wheat

    2009

    Buglossoides arvensis (=Lithospermum arvense)

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Winter wheat

    2009

    Youngia japonica

    PS I Electron Diversion&
     HRAC Group 22

    paraquat

    Unspecified

    2010

    Alopecurus japonicus

    PS I Electron Diversion&
     HRAC Group 22

    paraquat

    Unspecified

    2010

    Alopecurus aequalis

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl

    Wheat

    2010

    Beckmannia syzigachne

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    fenoxaprop-ethyl

    Winter wheat

    2010

    Myosoton aquaticum

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Winter wheat

    2010

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl

    Rice, Soybean

    2010

    Monochoria vaginalis

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    bensulfuron-methyl

    Rice

    2010

    Digitaria sanguinalis

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    nicosulfuron

    Corn (maize)

    2010

    Stellaria media

    Auxin Mimics&
     HRAC Group 4

    MCPA, fluroxypyr

    Winter wheat

    2010

    Eleusine indica

    PS I Electron Diversion&
     HRAC Group 22

    paraquat

    Unspecified

    2010

    Eleusine indica

    Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 9

    glyphosate

    Orchards

    2010

    Sclerochloa kengiana

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl

    Winter wheat

    2011

    Leptochloa chinensis

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    cyhalofop-butyl

    Rice

    2011

    Digitaria sanguinalis

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    quizalofop-ethyl

    Cotton

    2011

    Acalypha australis

    Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase&
     HRAC Group 14

    fomesafen

    Soybean

    2011

    Rorippa indica

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Winter wheat

    2011

    Mazus fauriei

    PS I Electron Diversion&
     HRAC Group 22

    paraquat

    Unspecified

    2011

    Sclerochloa dura

    PS I Electron Diversion&
     HRAC Group 22

    paraquat

    Unspecified

    2011

    Descurainia sophia

    Auxin Mimics&
     HRAC Group 4

    MCPA

    Winter wheat

    2011

    Descurainia sophia

    Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase&
     HRAC Group 14

    carfentrazone-ethyl

    Winter wheat

    2011

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    penoxsulam

    Rice

    2013

    Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis

    Auxin Mimics&
     HRAC Group 4

    quinclorac

    Rice

    2014

    Polypogon fugax

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    clodinafop-propargyl, fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden

    Wheat, Canola

    2014

    Galium aparine

    Auxin Mimics&
     HRAC Group 4

    fluroxypyr

    Wheat

    2014

    Vicia sativa

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    tribenuron-methyl

    Wheat

    2014

    Alopecurus aequalis

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, nicosulfuron, flucarbazone-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, pinoxaden

    Wheat

    2014

    Alopecurus japonicus

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    fenoxaprop-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, sulfosulfuron, nicosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam

    Wheat

    2014

    Sagittaria trifolia

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    pyribenzoxim, bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam

    Rice

    2017

    Amaranthus retroflexus

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase&
     HRAC Group 14

    imazethapyr, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen

    Soybean

    2019

    Lithospermum arvense

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, tribenuron-methyl, florasulam, pyroxsulam

    Wheat

    2021

    Digitaria ciliaris

    Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    metamifop

    Rice

    2022

    Ammannia multiflora

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam

    Rice

    2022

    Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase&
     HRAC Group 1

    clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam

    Wheat

    2023

    Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    penoxsulam

    Rice

    2023

    Leptochloa chinensis

    Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase&
     HRAC Group 27

    tripyrasulfone

    Rice

    2023

    Ammannia auriculata

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    bensulfuron-methyl

    Rice

    2023

    Panicum miliaceum var. ruderale Kitag.

    Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase&
     HRAC Group 2

    nicosulfuron

    Corn (maize)

     

    本文数据翻译和总结自https://weedscience.org/Home.aspx ，如有错误 ，请批评指正

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